1. A single point of failure does not cause network paralysis; data can automatically bypass faulty nodes.
2. Faulty nodes are automatically bypassed, and the system has self-healing capabilities.
3. Attackers need to disrupt multiple links simultaneously to block communication, inherently resisting DDoS attacks and physical destruction.
4. The number of connections grows exponentially, making large network construction costly.

1. Fully connected nodes
Each device is connected to at least two other nodes, forming a distributed architecture where 'nodes as relays'.
2. Intelligent routing layer
Software modules running routing protocols like OSPF, BGP to achieve path calculation and traffic scheduling.
3. Redundant links
Backup transmission channels composed of physical links (fiber/wireless) or logical tunnels (VPN).

1. Routing table learning
Each node maintains a dynamically updated routing table, recording the entire network topology information, similar to a navigation software's real-time traffic database.
2. Path calculation
Before data is sent, nodes calculate the optimal path using algorithms like Dijkstra's, considering factors like link bandwidth, delay, and congestion.
3. Multipath transmission
Large files can be split and transmitted in parallel through multiple paths, then reassembled at the receiving end, improving transmission efficiency by 30%-50%.
4. Congestion avoidance
When a link's load exceeds the threshold, nodes automatically divert traffic to idle paths to avoid 'digital traffic congestion'.

Mesh topology is mainly divided into two types: full mesh topology and partial mesh topology.
In full mesh topology, each node is directly connected to all other nodes, forming a fully interconnected network with high reliability and low latency, but it is costly and complex to manage, suitable for scenarios like internet backbones and military communication systems that require high continuity.
Partial mesh topology achieves full mesh connections only between critical nodes, with edge nodes accessing as needed, achieving cost optimization and flexible expansion through compromise design while retaining core redundancy features, widely used in enterprise WANs, cloud computing data centers, etc.

Mesh topology architecture features multiple direct connections between nodes, resembling a complex intertwined web, with no fixed connection rules, diverse path choices, strong fault tolerance, and good self-healing ability when a link or node fails, allowing data to bypass. However, it is difficult to expand, costly, requires adjustment of multiple connections when adding nodes, and fault troubleshooting is challenging.

Tree topology is a hierarchical structure with a root node and various branch nodes, a hybrid of star and bus topologies, with significant advantages in network scalability. If the root node fails, the entire network cannot function properly, but it has strong local fault isolation capabilities, relatively simple management, clear hierarchy, and easy fault location.