Bus: As a shared transmission medium, usually a single cable, all nodes connect to this bus through hardware interfaces.
Nodes: Includes computers, servers, printers, and other network devices. Each node connects to the bus through appropriate hardware interfaces, such as network interface cards.
Terminators: Devices installed at both ends of the bus for impedance matching, absorbing signal energy at the transmission end to prevent interference from signal reflection.
Connectors: Connectors are used to physically connect nodes to the bus.

1. Simple structure, low cost
Only requires a single backbone cable and a few connectors, with hardware costs significantly lower than star, ring, and other topologies. Suitable for scenarios with few devices and limited budget.
2. Flexible expansion
New devices can be added at any position on the bus without complex configuration.

1. Over-reliance on the bus
Bus failure can lead to a complete network shutdown, and performance drops sharply when there are too many devices.
2. Collision and broadcast issues
All devices share bandwidth, making data collisions likely under high load (reliance on protocols like CSMA/CD for coordination). The risk of broadcast storms is low, but privacy is weaker.

In bus topology, all nodes share a single communication line, with data transmitted in a broadcast manner. It's low-cost but less reliable; a bus break can lead to a complete network shutdown, suitable for small networks or specific industrial scenarios.
In star topology, a central node acts as the core, with data needing to be relayed through the central node. It has strong scalability, and a single node failure does not affect other nodes, but a central node failure can cause a complete network interruption. It's widely used in enterprise office networks and other scenarios requiring centralized management.